2002
Washtenaw County
International
Economic Impact Study
Prepared by:
- Rachel Cooper
- Eastern Michigan
University Masters
Candidate
-
Executive
Summary
As Washtenaw County
increases in its size and
capacity, so does the
county’s impact on the
global economy. While most
people assume that United
States international business
transactions take place in
highly developed, urban areas,
such an assessment does not
account for the strong
connections that smaller
economic areas have the
capability to produce and
connect with the global
marketplace. Washtenaw County
is highly involved with
international business, and
various characteristics of the
area make Washtenaw’s
international economic impact
even stronger. The success of
Washtenaw County is believed
to be related to the access of
an educated workforce,
proximity to major
transportation centers, and a
strong business community 1.
This study attempts to gage
Washtenaw County’s current
international economic impact
and predict future trends in
international business that
will impact the county. The
study focuses on both exports
and education via local
institutions. This report does
not account for international
service from the county
because of the difficulty in
tracking such transactions.
The study also does not
attempt to gage the impact of
foreign subsidiaries or
franchises abroad.
Washtenaw County is
currently experiencing an
economic slowdown. Since
September 11, 2001 firms in
the county have seen a
decrease in sales from a
lagging economy due to a
current recession, however
international student
enrollment has not been
effected in any way and
continues to stay strong.
Although as export markets and
the need for technology
continue to grow regardless of
the economy, exports from the
county will continue and
businesses will regain lost
sales. Local firms who are
flexible, versatile, and able
to leverage past export
experience across a range of
markets are likely to succeed
in the international
marketplace.
Washtenaw
County Overview
 Located
40 miles outside of Detroit,
Michigan and covering 710
square miles, Washtenaw County
is the sixth largest county in
Michigan. As of June 2002, the
U.S. Census Bureau estimates
that the population of
Washtenaw County totals
326,627 and the county’s
largest city Ann Arbor, has a
population of 108,758. From
the years 1990 until 2000 the
county grew 14.1 percent in
size1. More than
half of Washtenaw County’s
total population lives within
the City of Ann Arbor and
Ypsilanti Township. Nearly 70
percent of the population
lives within four
jurisdictions including the
City of Ann Arbor, the City of
Ypsilanti, Ypsilanti Township,
and Pittsfield Township.
As of March 2002, Washtenaw
County has a civilian labor
force of 316,500 with 304,300
people currently employed.
This gives an unemployment
rate of 3.8 percent. That is
considerably lower than that
of Michigan’s, which is 6.6
percent. As for the city of
Ann Arbor, the civilian labor
force totals 70,650 with
68,875 currently employed and
an unemployment rate of 2.5
percent. According to the 2000
Metropolitan Area Exports
Study, U.S. Department of 
Commerce, Ann Arbor is the 4th
largest exporting area in
Michigan and within the top
100 in the United States with
the export value totaling over
1.17 billion. However, these
statistics do not include the
value of software or services
exported from the county, and
if included with the Census
Bureau figures, the value
would be substantially
greater. Due to the manner in
which the Census Bureau
records software shipments,
they are underreported by an
estimated 92 percent.
 According
to the U.S. Census Bureau,
there are a total of 555
manufacturers and/or software
publishers in Washtenaw
County. In Ann Arbor alone
there are 225 exporting firms,
followed by 28 in Dexter, and
19 in Ypsilanti. Saline hosts
17 exporting firms, and
Chelsea has a total of 7, all
of which make a total of 316
exporting firms in Washtenaw
County (data from the
Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center). For the
state of Michigan,
manufactures account for 9.2
percent of exports and
computer and electronic
products account for 6.5
percent of all international
trade exported from Michigan2.
Part of Washtenaw County’s
high level of exporting comes
from the unique, pull-through
effect of the large automotive
presence in the area.
The Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center wishes to
recognize the efforts of
Washtenaw County exporters.
The Presidents "E"
Award was created in December
of 1961 by Executive Order, to
afford suitable recognition to
persons, firms, or
organizations which contribute
significantly in the effort to
increase United States
exports. The Presidents
"E Star" Award,
which began in August 1969 by
the Secretary of Commerce,
affords continuing recognition
of noteworthy promotion
efforts. There have been
several Washtenaw County firms
who have received one of both
of these awards. Mechanical
Dynamics (currently MSC
software) has received both
The Presidents "E"
Award and The Presidents
"E Star" Award, as
well as Pahl Sciences (now
Gelman), Terumo Cardiovascular
Systems (previously Sarns) and
Sycor (purchased by Nortel
Networks). Firms awarded The
Presidents "E" Award
include American Broach and
Machine Company, Whatman
(previously Arbor
Technologies), and Buhr
Machine Tool Company.
Export
Markets and Industries
 The
top five Washtenaw County
export segments are computer
software, computer hardware,
machine tools, laboratory
equipment, and medical
equipment. According to the
Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center, Department
of Commerce data base,
software firms have the
largest number of exporters by
far with a total of 116 firms,
computer hardware comes in
second with 41 exporting
firms, the medical equipment
sector hosts 27 firms
exporting in the county
followed by machine tools with
19 firms, and laboratory
equipment with a total of 16
firms. More than 55 percent of
the exporters are technology
related.
The top export markets for
Washtenaw County differ
slightly than that of the
export markets for the U.S.
and Michigan. Exports from the
U.S. and Michigan go
overwhelmingly to Canada,
Mexico, Japan, and other
technologically rich countries
of the European Union. While
this holds true for Washtenaw
County, other less traditional
countries are involved as
well, including Australia,
China, and India. The reason
for this difference in export
markets is the high level of
computer technology products
from Washtenaw County,
particularly from Ann Arbor.
Canada
 The
bilateral relationship between
the United States and Canada
is perhaps the closest and
most extensive in the world.
It is reflected in the
staggering volume of trade
(over $1 billion a day)
crossing the U.S. Canadian
border. In fields ranging from
environmental cooperation to
free trade, the two countries
have set the standard by which
many other countries measure
their own progress. Over 80%
of 1998 Canadian exports went
to the United States and over
75% of 1998 Canadian imports
came from the United States.3
The U.S. exported more to
Canada in 2000 ($22,046,144
billion) than to its number
two and three export markets
combined (Mexico $16,491,118
billion, and Japan $1,393,223
billion).4
Canada’s importance to the
United States is not just a
border-state phenomenon:
Canada is the leading export
market for 35 of our 50
states.5 This
coupled with the decrease in
tariffs due to the North
American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), the increasing
openness to foreign
investment, deep cultural and
historical ties, and strong
awareness of business and
technological developments in
the United States, makes it
clear as to why it is the
primary host for Washtenaw
County Exports as well as the
rest of the United States.
Mexico
 The
relationship of the United
States with Mexico is of
utmost importance for both
countries. A mixture of mutual
interests coupled with shared
problems, growing
interdependence, and different
national perspectives shape
the relationship between the
U.S. and Mexico.6
In 1999, the United States
accounted for 88 percent of
Mexico’s exports and
provided 74 percent of
Mexico’s imports. Mexico has
experienced an astonishing
increase of 37.11% of U.S.
exports.6 The
United States exports more
goods and services to Mexico
than it does to all other
countries in Latin America
combined.6 Due to
NAFTA and the fact the Mexico
remains committed to the path
of economic integration,
Mexico is increasingly the
destination for Washtenaw
County exports. Mexico’s
characteristics combined with
a growing demand for computer
software and other
technology-based products
suggest a continuing market
for the county. Computer
hardware, software, and
services are in the top five
leading sectors for U.S.
non-agricultural exports for
the fiscal year of 2001. The
Computer software, hardware,
and services sector is
expected to grow at an average
rate of 10 percent. 6
China
 China
is a market with immense
potential. Foreign trade has
grown from $38 billion in 1980
to over $361 billion in 19997.
For over two hundred years
foreign firms have been
entranced by this vast
potential of the Chinese
Market, yet it remains largely
unfulfilled. China is the
world’s most populous
nation, however the Chinese
market is small and
concentrated in a few areas.
Not only is this country
overpopulated it is
technology-poor as well,
although China’s increased
economic development has
positive effects for Washtenaw
County exporters. While the
thrust toward modernization
and privatization over the
past two decades has increased
the opportunities for
Washtenaw County business,
China remains a difficult
market to work with. Chinese
people can be extremely
hospitable and kind, yet
everyday discourse in China is
rude and confrontational and
the China market is full of
cheats and swindlers.7
Although most Chinese firms
remain relatively small,
under-capitalized and poorly
managed, there are pockets of
excellence. Chinas recent
entrance into the World Trade
organization will allow for
more open domestic markets to
foreign firms and lower
tariffs, as well as provide
for a stronger protection for
intellectual property rights.
The entrance into the WTO is
also believed to help with
foreign firms earning the same
rights and privileges to
domestic firms.
Australia
 Australia
finished the last decade as
the world’s second-fastest
growing developed economy
averaging a growth of 4
percent a year8.
American company names are
commonplace in the Australian
market, and U.S. companies are
Australia’s largest source
of investment. Australia is
currently the 15th
largest destination for U.S.
exports8 as well as
one of Washtenaw County’s
top destinations. American
companies are drawn to the
Australian market because of
its’ familiar institutions
and quality infrastructure: a
stable legal and political
system, a common language,
excellent communications and
transportation infrastructure,
a high living standard, and a
sophisticated financial system8.
Because Australia is quick to
adapt high-tech products and
services, coupled with their
extensive use of the Internet,
may be just one of the reasons
that Australia is a prime
target for Washtenaw County
exports. Being that Computer
Software and Medical Equipment
are in the top five sectors
exported by the county
coincides with the two being
number two and three in
Australia’s leading export
sectors for the United States.
The Australian software market
has grown in excess of 20
percent in the last year
alone. Above all, American
companies will always find
Australia a welcoming and
attractive place to do
business. Barriers are far and
few, and innovation and new
products are always welcomed.
France
 France
is our ninth largest trading
partner and one of Washtenaw
County’s top three. The
impressive recent growth and
continued expected expansion
can be associated to the fact
that France is a member of the
G-8, The European Union, The
World Trade Organization and
the OECD. The United States is
the largest foreign investor
in France. The economic impact
of France and Washtenaw County
can be related to the idea
that France is currently
"digitizing" it’s
economy, embracing the
Internet with accelerating
rapidity and the so called
internet
"revolution" is
expected to drive further
economic growth and establish
even stronger commercial
linkages with the U.S.
economy. 9 Computer
Software is the number one
"best prospect" for
U.S. business in France which
coincides with France being
the number one country for
software exports in Washtenaw
County totaling 12,304 billion
in exports per year with 32
firms exporting to France in
Washtenaw County alone. Over
half of all software products
in France are American made.
Laboratory Equipment and
Medical Equipment is ranked 9th
and 10th for
"best prospects" in
France which is number 3 and 4
sectors exported in Washtenaw
County. The forecast for the
scientific laboratory
equipment remains positive and
is expected to grow by 15 to
20 percent over the next
several years.9
France is also considered the
best country in Europe for
biotech capital investment.
France offers a plethora of
opportunities for U.S.
scientific laboratory and
medical equipment.
 Future
and Current Trends in Local
Exports
Firms participating in the
Washtenaw County International
Economic Impact Study were
asked to respond to a series
of 10 questions pertaining to
international sales and trade.
The sectors were then divided
into the five largest
industries in the County,
which included Computer
Software, Computer Hardware,
Medical Equipment, Laboratory
Equipment, and Machine Tools.
The U.S. Department of
Commerce, Ypsilanti U.S.
Export Assistance Center then
compiled the necessary
research and development and
came up with the corresponding
responses. Where applicable,
firms were asked to respond on
a sliding scale, with 1 being
the weakest and 10 being the
strongest.
 The
first of the series of
questions asked "Are you
optimistic about the future of
your firms international
exports?" Firms
participating in the Ann Arbor
Metropolitan Area averaged a
7.3 out of a maximum of 10,
meaning that firms are very
much optimistic about the
future outlook of their
international exports despite
the current economic slowdown.
The firms were then asked,
"Has September 11, 2001
caused a significant decrease
in your firms businesses
domestically and
internationally?" On a
scale of 1-10 the firms
averaged 4.7 for domestic
business and a 3.7 for
international business meaning
that September 11, 2001 had
little impact on the economy
of Washtenaw County. Although
when looking at individual
sectors, responses varied
depending on the industry.
Software and Hardware averaged
4.3 for domestic and 3.8 for
international business,
implicating that this
significant date had little if
any impact on the industry.
The Machine Tools industry
however, was greatly impacted
averaging a 9 (domestically)
and 6.5 (internationally) on a
scale of 1-10, 10 being the
strongest. Medical Supplies
totaled 4 for domestic and 6
for international, and
Laboratory equipment totaled 3
for both domestic and
international, meaning there
was little impact from
September 11, 2001.
 When
studying the impact of
international business travel
after the tragedy of September
11, 2001, firms were asked,
"Has September 11, 2001
inhibited international
business travel with your firm
such as trade shows, meeting,
etc?" Surprisingly the
average response was a 3.5
meaning that date did have
some effect although it was
minor, however the responses
varied greatly. Some
businesses seemed to be
greatly affected while others
virtually had no set backs
whatsoever due to the
terrorist attacks on the
United States.
The preceding question
asked "Have you exported
to new markets within the past
year?" Nearly half of the
participating firms in the
Washtenaw County International
Economic Impact Study
responded yes, giving the
exact percentage of 54 percent
who exported to new countries.
Yet again, responses varied
according to industry.
Software firms partook in 46
percent who exported to new
countries, whereas 75 percent
of the firms in the Hardware
industry exported to new
countries. Machine Tools and
Medical Equipment both account
for 50 percent of firms in
their industry. Firms exported
to new markets such as Brazil,
South Africa, India, The
European Union, Abu Dhabi,
Japan, Kuwait, Poland, and the
Czech Republic.
 When
asked, "Do you have an
e-commerce enabled
website?" Firms’
responses accounted for
exactly 50 percent. For all
the companies responding with
a yes, they were then asked
"If so, are your
international customers able
to do business easily on your
website?" Of those who
answered yes, 100 percent of
the respondents who had an
e-commerce enable website were
able to do business easily
with international customers..
Question number 7 asked
"As a percentage, how
much of your business comes
from international
sales?" The average
response was 15 percent of all
sales accounted for
international sales. Again,
answers varied according to
sector. The Software sector
reported an average of 17
percent of their sales came
directly from international
sales, whereas hardware
averaged 23 percent, and
machine tools reported 18
percent of their sales related
to international sales. On the
other hand, Medical equipment
had an average response of
only 5 percent of their sales
being related to overseas, and
Laboratory equipment with only
4 percent being related to
international sales.
 The
following question asked,
"What is the number of
business visitors from
overseas who visit yearly and
what is the average length of
stay?" The average of all
industries combined totaled
nine visitors per year,
staying for approximately 4
days long, although when
broken down into industries
the software and hardware
firms had slightly higher
numbers with 11.8 and 13
international visitors a year
respectively staying for four
days long. Machine tool firms
averaged 6 guests a year
staying 3.5 days, Medical
equipment firms and Laboratory
equipment firms both with only
2.5 visitors a year staying
2.5 days and 1.5 days
respectively. It is estimated
that each international
visitor had $200 per day
economic impact in Washtenaw
County.
The firms were then asked
to "estimate a number of
employees whose employment was
solely related to
international business."
These numbers turned out to be
seemingly low with an average
of only 3.3 percent of all
employees whose sole purpose
was related to international
business. Once again, these
numbers varied with sector but
all had extremely low numbers
with a number no higher than 8
percent. To sum up the
Washtenaw County International
Impact Study, it is safe to
stay that given our recent
economic slowdown and the
tragedy of September 11, 2001,
Washtenaw County has proven
that their economy is strong
and almost immune to economic
trends. The county has
experienced a slight decrease
in international business, but
it has proven to be much less
than that of many others. This
can be coupled with the
University playing such an
immense role in the economy of
Washtenaw County, as well as
the number of computer
software and hardware firms in
the area in the midst of a
technology based era.
Finally a strong U.S.
dollar will continue to have a
negative impact on exports.
While the U.S. consumers
benefit from a strong dollar,
goods and services are more
expensive for foreign
consumers and businesses,
therefor they tend to buy
fewer U.S. products. Still,
the value of U.S. goods and an
appreciation for the quality
of characteristics of American
goods outweighs the negative
effects of a strong dollar,
and that is probable for
exports from Washtenaw County.
Since a large number of the
county’s exports are
technology related and a large
number of these exports go to
technology poor countries, the
increased price caused by a
strong dollar may not have as
large an impact. Often buyers
from technologically poor
countries lack a suitable
domestic alternative for a
technology product, and seek
exports like those from
Washtenaw County with less
regard to price. While there
are a limited number of
statistics to track the effect
of dollar value on exports,
the National Association of
Purchasing Management’s New
Export Orders Index showed
little or no growth in the
exports for the beginning of
2001. This index combined with
the dollars 15-year peak in
value in 2001, suggests that
exporters are feeling the
effects of the strong dollar,
at least in non-technology
related industries. In a study
done by the U.S. State
Department, 2001 exports from
Michigan to the World in the
Machinery Manufactures
industry accounted for 9.2
percent of all exports from
Michigan and Computers and
Electronic Products accounted
for 6.5 percent.
For further information
For additional information
on the top five market
segments for Washtenaw County
products and services please
see the Industry Sector
Analysis portion of this
report.
Educational
Institutions
Education
as a Reverse Export
 Although
focusing solely on traditional
exports like manufacturing
when accessing Washtenaw
County’s international
economic impact is standard,
educational institutions also
contribute to the county’s
global influence and local
economy. The U.S. Department
of Commerce’s International
Trade Administration ranks
international education as the
United States fifth largest
service sector export bringing
in $11 billion to the U.S.
economy. Universities and
colleges in Washtenaw County
bring in a considerable amount
of economic revenue through
international students, which
in turn benefits businesses
that would not normally profit
from international sales.
Industries such as retail
trade, real estate,
accommodation and food
services, and entertainment
and recreation all profit from
the unique form of exporting.
Overview of
International Students in
Washtenaw County
In Washtenaw County there
are a total of six
universities. Eastern Michigan
University and the University
of Michigan which are public,
three small, private
universities that include Ave
Maria, Cleary College and
Concordia College, and one
community college, Washtenaw
County Community College.
According to the 2002 survey
conducted by the Ypsilanti
U.S. Export Assistance Center,
Washtenaw County has a total
of 6,944 currently enrolled
international undergraduate
and graduate students.11
The University of Michigan
tops out with the most
international students with a
count of 4,149. Washtenaw
County Community College comes
in second with an
international student
population of 1,460. Eastern
Michigan is not far behind
with 1,305. Concordia College,
Cleary College and Ave Maria
have a combined population of
30 international students. As
of 2001 The University of
Michigan had the seventh
largest enrollment of
international students in the
nation and Washtenaw County
ranked 16th in the
nation for the average number
of international students in
any one county.
 The
total money spent by each
international student
(including tuition, books,
room and board and spending
money) at all educational
institutions in Washtenaw
County accounts for an
estimated $163,839,531. The
average cost of one-year total
spent at the University of
Michigan totals 32,243.20 per
student, making it the most
expensive university in the
county. This figure gives a
total of 133,777,036 spent at
the University of Michigan
with international students
alone. Concordia College comes
in second with the most money
spent per student with 21,750
but because of the larger
population of international
students attending Eastern
Michigan University, the total
money spent by all
international students
combined is considerably
larger with a total of
16,366,331.25 at 12,541.25 per
student. While the bulk of
that money goes directly to
the educational institutions
in the form of tuition, an
average of 40 percent goes
into the local economy. The
University of Michigan has the
highest economic impact from
international students in
Michigan.
The majority of the
international students
attending educational
institutions in Washtenaw
County comes from China with a
total of 910 Chinese
international students and
India with 908, although there
is an overwhelmingly count of
students coming from Asian
countries. The top six most
popular countries
participating in foreign
exchange in descending order
include China 910, India 908,
Korea 711, Taiwan 342, Canada
285, and Japan 225. Note that
none of these countries are
represented at Ave Maria. The
international student
population attending this
university includes a Western
European population. The top
countries of origin for
international students in
Washtenaw County correspond
with the top countries of
origin for the entire U.S.
Significance
of International
students/Educational Export
Economic Impact
The economic impact of
international students is
significant in Washtenaw
County because it connects
businesses that would not
normally have international
perspective to the global
economy. International sales
can be difficult if not
impossible to small retailers
and service providers. Yet,
the substantial number of
international students
enrolled in Washtenaw County
educational institutions
provides an opportunity for
increased business through
existing sales channels.
Additionally, most money
coming from international
students into the county comes
from offshore, which means the
money spent was not generated
inside of Washtenaw County.
The large number of
international students also
has a positive effect on
Washtenaw County employment.
The U.S. Department of
Commerce estimates that every
$35,000 worth of exports
creates one job. Since the
University of Michigan is the
county’s largest employer
with over 25,000 employees, it
is likely that a number of
jobs in the educational field
are supported directly by
international students. While
it is difficult to estimate
the impact of international
students’ additional
expenses outside of tuition on
employment, the high level of
total economic impact suggests
international students support
a number of workers in fields
that conventionally do not
benefit from exporting.
Future
Trends in International
Student Enrollment/Educational
Exporting
International student
enrollment in Washtenaw County
is expected to remain high and
increase slowly over time,
although the two smaller
colleges (Concordia and
Cleary) expect to remain
constant and see no change
with the population of their
international students. While
statistics on Washtenaw County
are not available,
international student
enrollment has increased
nationwide by a record total
of 547,867 international
students on U.S. campuses and
enrollment rose at a rate of
6.4% which is the largest
increase since 1980 according
to Open Doors 2001, the annual
report on international
education published by the
Institute of International
Education with the support
from the State Department’s
Bureau of Educational and
Cultural Affairs.11
While, a number of colleges
nationwide have experienced a
dramatic increase in the
enrollment of domestic
students due to a decrease in
jobs and our current
recession, the population of
international students have
seen no change other than the
average yearly increase of
students with the exception of
Eastern Michigan University
experiencing a drop of 68
students. Concordia and Cleary
have seen no increase and have
remained close to constant
with past years, while
Washtenaw County, University
of Michigan, and Ave Maria
have all had average
increases. When asked to
respond to the question
"Are you optimistic about
the future enrollment of
international students?"
three colleges replied with a
yes (UM, EMU, Washtenaw
Community College) while the
other three are not expecting
to see much of a change. The
Department of Commerce also
surveyed the effects that
September 11, 2001 may have
had on the enrollment with
international students. In
spite of recent tragedies,
September 11 seemed to make no
impact on the number of
international students
attending Washtenaw County
universities with the
exception of Eastern Michigan
with a slight decrease. Even
though there was not a large
impact due to September 11,
paperwork and documentation
have been reinforced and have
become stricter. Surprisingly,
for the most part it seems as
if international student
enrollment in Washtenaw County
appears to be immune to either
domestic or international
economic crisis. While the
Asian financial crises did
effect the countries of origin
of international students in
Washtenaw County, it did not
effect the overall number of
international students
enrolled. Still the perceived
value of an education in the
United States outweighs many
considerations international
students might face at home.
 Finally,
developments in the largest
countries of origin for
international students in
Washtenaw County suggest
increase enrollment in the
future. For instance, in
August 2000, the Bank of China
opened a loan program for
students to study overseas,
which should mean easier
access to education.
Similarly, the Federal Bank of
India, which had not
previously allowed foreign
exchange to be remitted for
educational expenses, now
allows sponsors to remit
expenses toward educational
cost, making it easier for
Indian students to study in
the United States. Likewise,
actions recently taken by the
U.S. Department of Commerce
through the "Study USA
Program" encourage
international students to
study in the United States by
offering several programs in
all 50 states for
undergraduate, graduate and
high school international
students. This program will
promote a positive effect on
enrollment in Washtenaw County
due to a gain of new cultural
perspectives for the county
and a sense of stronger bonds
within the county and the
country of origin. Foreign
exchange also believed to
promote a better knowledge of
other societies along with
building better relationships
between countries,
governments, and peoples.
-
- 1
U.S. Census Bureau, Census
2000 Redistricting Data (P.L.
94-171)
-
- 2 Export.gov http://ese.export.gov
-
- 3 Background
notes: Canada, August
1999, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
-
- 4
Michigan’s
Role in International
Trade, http://www.exportmichigan.com/michigan.htm
-
- 5
Background
notes: August 1999, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
-
- 6 Country
Commercial Guide Mexico,
U.S. & Foreign
Commercial Service and
U.S. Department of State
2001.
-
- 7
Country
Commercial Guide China,
U.S. & Foreign
Commercial Service and
U.S. Department of State
2001
-
- 8
Country
Commercial Guide
Australia, U.S. &
Foreign Commercial Service
and U.S. Department of
State
-
- 9 Country
Commercial Guide France -
Fiscal Year 2002, U.S.
& Foreign Commercial
Service and U.S.
Department of State
-
- 10 All
educational institutions
were contacted in
Washtenaw County and asked
a series of questions
pertaining to the
population of
international students
attending each school and
average money spent by
each of those students for
tuition and yearly
expenses.
-
- 11 Institute
of International Education
"Open Doors" http://www.opendoorsweb.org/
Date
Updated: March 20, 2007
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