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2006
Washtenaw County
International
Economic Impact Study
- Prepared by:
-
- Joseph Novell
- Summer Intern
- Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center
- U.S. Department of
Commerce
For
more information please
contact:
- Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center
- U.S. Department of
Commerce
- 300 W. Michigan Ave,
S306G
- EMU – College of
Business
- Ypsilanti, MI 48197
- Voice (734) 487-0259
- Fax (734) 485-2396
Summary:
Firms of all sizes are
finding it easier to enter the
international market as
communication systems improve
and the Internet matures. In
addition, the erosion of
barriers to trade through
agreements such as NAFTA and
the development of the WTO has
truly transformed the world
into a global marketplace.
International
business continues to play a
significant role in the
economy of Washtenaw County.
The global success of
Washtenaw County can be
attributed to its educated
workforce, proximity to major
transportation centers, and
its strong business community.
The Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center (U.S.
Department of Commerce)
conducts an annual
International Economic Impact
Study with the purpose of
measuring the influence of
international business within
Washtenaw County. This study
looks at Washtenaw County’s
current international economic
impact and attempts to predict
how future international
economic trends will impact
the county. The study focuses
on the export of goods and
education via local
institutions. This report does
not reflect international
services originating within
the county due to the
difficulty in tracking such
transactions. The study also
does not attempt to evaluate
the impact of foreign
subsidiaries or franchises
abroad.
Washtenaw
County Overview:
 Located
40 miles outside of
Detroit, Michigan and covering
710 square miles, Washtenaw
County is the sixth largest
county in Michigan. As of July
2005, the US Census Bureau
estimates that the population
of Washtenaw County totals
341,847. [1] The largest city
in the county, Ann Arbor, has
an estimated population of
113,271. [2] From 2000 to
2005, the population of
Washtenaw County grew by 5.4%.
[3] However, nearly 70% of the
total population remains
concentrated within the Ann
Arbor-Ypsilanti area.
As of
2005, Washtenaw County had a
civilian labor force of
191,845 with 183,805 people
currently employed. [4]
According to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, as of May
2006, Ann Arbor had an
unemployment rate of 4.0%,
lower than that of both the
State of Michigan at 6.0% and
the entire United States at
4.9%. [5] According to the
2000 Metropolitan Area Exports
Study conducted by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Ann
Arbor is the 4th largest
exporting area in Michigan and
within the top 100 in the
United States with an export
value totaling over $1.746
billion in 1999. [6]
 Currently,
there are 349 known exporting
firms in Washtenaw County,
with 242 located in Ann Arbor,
followed by 29 in Dexter, and
22 in Ypsilanti. Saline hosts
22 exporting firms, and
Chelsea has a total of 9. [7]
Part of Washtenaw County’s
high level of exporting comes
from the unique pull-through
effect of the large automotive
presence in the area.
The
Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center wishes to
recognize the efforts of
exporting firms in Washtenaw
County. The Presidents
"E" Award was
created in December of 1961 by
Executive Order, to afford
suitable recognition to
persons, firms, or
organizations which contribute
significantly in the effort to
increase United States
exports. The Presidents
"E Star" Award,
which began in August 1969 by
the Secretary of Commerce,
affords continuing recognition
of noteworthy promotion
efforts. There have been a
number of Washtenaw County
firms who have received both
of these awards, including:
Mechanical Dynamics (currently
MSC software), Pahl Sciences
(now Gelman), Terumo
Cardiovascular Systems
(previously Sarns), and Sycor
(purchased by Nortel
Networks). Firms awarded The
Presidents "E" Award
include American Broach and
Machine Company, Whatman
(previously Arbor Technologies
/ out of business), and Buhr
Machine Tool Company (out of
business).
Export
Markets and Industries:
 The top
five Washtenaw County export
sectors are: computer
software, computer hardware,
medical equipment, machine
tools, and laboratory
equipment.
As of 2006, there are
116 Washtenaw County firms
exporting computer
software,
38 exporting computer
hardware, 30 exporting medical
equipment, 23 exporting
machine tools, and 17
exporting laboratory
equipment. [8]
We invite you to click on any
of the links for a detailed
analysis of Washtenaw County's
top export markets.
The top
export markets for Washtenaw
County expand on the typical
markets for the United States
and Michigan: Canada, Mexico,
Japan, and the technologically
rich countries of the European
Union.
Washtenaw County
exports to these nations, as
well as nations such Australia
and China. The explanation
lies in the high level of
computer technology products
exported from Washtenaw
County, particularly from Ann
Arbor.
Washtenaw
County and World Markets
The
following markets represent
the best markets for exports
from Washtenaw County:
Canada
 Ninety
percent of the Canadian
population lives within 100
miles of the border with the
United States.
This
results in an extensive
economic relationship unique
in the world. In 2005, total
merchandise trade between the
United States and Canada
amounted to US$479 billion, up
12% from US$428 billion in
2004, representing over US$1.3
billion a day. In fields
ranging from environmental
cooperation to free trade, the
two countries work closely on
many levels from federal to
local. U.S. exports to Canada
have exceeded exports to the
entire European Union for the
past five years, despite the
EU having over 15 times the
population of Canada. [9]
For 2005,
U.S. exports into Canada
(goods and services) totaled
approximately US$177.5
billion, up from US$160.5
billion in 2004. On a local
level, Michigan leads all
states in exports to Canada,
totaling almost US$22 billion
in 2005; Michigan is
Canada’s 2nd largest trading
partner, next to the United
States, with over 12% of U.S.
exports to Canada coming from
Michigan. [10]
Top
exports from Washtenaw County
such as computer software and
computer hardware, rank number
three and five respectively
for most potential in
exporting to Canada, as U.S.
companies are the dominant
suppliers of these
technologies to Canada. In
2005, the U.S. exported to
Canada approximately US$481
million in computer software
and approximately US$8.5
billion in computer hardware.
[11]
The
prospect for continued growth
of trade between Canada and
the United States looks
positive due to prevailing
factors such as proximity,
longstanding business
relationships, and cultural
ties.
-
For
an overview of the
Canadian market, please
see Canada
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the
Canadian ICT market,
please click here.
Mexico
 The
relationship between the
United States and Mexico is of
the utmost importance for both
countries. A mixture of mutual
interests, shared problems,
economic disparities, and a
2,000-mile border, shape this
relationship. Mexico is now
the second most important U.S.
trading partner after Canada.
The United States
exports more to Mexico than to
the rest of Latin America
combined. Since the
introduction of NAFTA in 1994,
exports to Mexico have grown
exponentially, totaling over
$107 billion in 2005. [12]
NAFTA
coupled with a commitment to
economic integration, makes
Mexico a destination for
Washtenaw County exports.
Mexico also has a growing
demand for computer software
and other technology-based
products, suggesting a
promising market for Washtenaw
County firms.
Currently, Mexico is
the number two export market
for both U.S computer hardware
and software.
-
For
an overview of the Mexican
market, please see Mexico
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the Mexican
ICT market, please see
click here.
Japan
 With the world’s second largest economy, Japan is one of the largest
overseas markets for U.S.
exporters. Imports from the
U.S. totaled just over $55
billion in 2005. Japanese
consumers spend hundreds of
billions of dollars on food,
clothing, travel,
entertainment and a wide
variety of other consumer
goods and services. Japan’s
consumers buy American
products ranging from music to
furniture. Japanese firms are
major purchasers of U.S.
computers, machinery, medical
devices, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals and services. With
the Japanese economy
experiencing weakness in the
past decade, Japanese
consumers have become more
willing to buy imported
products and work for foreign
firms and Japanese firms have
become more willing to accept
foreign investment and
cooperate with foreign
partners. Market barriers have
fallen across the board, and
Japan has never been more open
to foreign goods and services
than it is today.
The
Japanese medical equipment and
supplies sector ranks second
in the world with a value of
$18 billion and continues to
be an extremely successful
market for American firms.
Japan has become a promising
market for Washtenaw County
software exporters as Japan’s investment in IT has shifted from hardware and network
infrastructure to software and
services. [13]
-
For
an overview of the
Japanese market, please
see Japan
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the
Japanese ICT market,
please click here.
Germany
 The
German economy is the world's
third largest and is the sixth
largest market for U.S.
exports. Germany is the
largest consumer market in the
European Union with over 82
million people in Germany. The
number of consumers and
Germany’s geographic
location at the heart of a
25-member European Union make
it a starting point around
which many U.S. firms seek to
build their European expansion
strategies. While U.S.
investors must reckon with a
relatively high cost of doing
business in Germany, they can
count on high levels of
productivity, a highly skilled
labor force, quality
engineering, a first-class
infrastructure and a location
in the heart of Europe.
The
German market for software is
the largest in Europe and
ranks second in the world,
after the United States. U.S.
computer products are viewed
as innovative products of
superior quality and leading
edge technology. The
German market for medical
devices is estimated at $14
billion, approximately 11
percent of total health
expenditures. Because of a
substantive investment
backlog, the medical device
market is considered a growth
market and will continue to
provide excellent potential
for U.S. suppliers of
innovative and
price-competitive products.
[14]
-
For
an overview of the German
market, please see Germany
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the German
ICT market, please click here.
United
Kingdom
 The
United Kingdom, with the
world’s fourth largest
economy, attracts U.S.
exporters and investors as a
place to do business due to
the common language, similar
legal and business practices,
protection of intellectual
property rights and relatively
low rates of taxation and
inflation. The UK is very
receptive to U.S. goods and
services. With its $1.8
trillion GDP, the UK remains
the United States' largest
European export market and
fifth largest export market
worldwide, after Canada,
Mexico Japan, and China. In
2005, the United States
exported $38.6 billion of
goods to the UK, an increase
of 7.4% from the previous
year.
The $5
billion UK medical equipment
market ranks as the world’s
sixth largest with the United
States as the largest import
supplier. As
increasing use of broadband
services and imaging
technologies drive growth in
the PC sector, Washtenaw
County computer software and
hardware exporters will find
this market attractive. [15]
-
For
an overview of the United
Kingdom market, please see
United
Kingdom WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the United
Kingdom ICT market, please
click here.
China
 Since
acceding to the WTO five years
ago, China has experienced
extraordinary economic growth.
Many American companies have
benefited from this expansion
as evidenced by sustained
growth in U.S. exports to
China. In 2005, U.S. exports
to China increased by 19
percent allowing China to
surpass the U.K. to become the
fourth largest export market
of the United States.
Merchandise exports from the
United States to China in 2005
equaled approximately $41.8
billion.
Despite
remarkable progress and
immense potential, China
remains a developing country.
With a population of 1.3
billion and a GDP of $2
trillion, many Chinese
citizens remain impoverished,
with a large income disparity
between rural and urban
households. [16]
Computer
software is a leading sector
in China for U.S. exports.
In 2005, China imported
almost $40 million in U.S.
computer software. As of 2003,
all tariffs on computer
software have been eliminated.
However, the concern
over intellectual property
rights remains, as the rampant
spread of piracy continues to
trouble U.S. software
manufacturers.
-
For
an overview of the Chinese
market, please see China
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the Chinese
ICT market, please click here.
Australia
 Recently,
Australia has experienced the
second fastest growth rate for
a developed economy, averaging
growth of 4% a year. American
companies have strong
penetration into the
Australian market, and
represent Australia’s
largest source of investment.
Total goods exported from the
U.S. to Australia totaled
almost $15.8 billion in 2005
and Australia is one of
Washtenaw County’s top
export destinations. The
signing of the Australia-U.S.
Free Trade Agreement on May
18, 2004 eliminated tariffs on
almost all manufactured and
agricultural goods, helping to
strengthen the long and
successful trading
relationship between the two
countries. [17]
Quality
communication and
transportation infrastructure,
stability in the legal and
political systems, and the use
of English create a positive
environment for U.S. firms.
Australia also has a high
standard of living, as well as
a sophisticated financial
system.
Since
Australia is an early adapter
to technology, and makes wide
use of the Internet, Australia
is a prime target for
Washtenaw County exports.
Computer software, computer
hardware, and medical
equipment are number two,
three, and four respectively
for leading sectors in
Australia for U.S. exports and
investment. The Australian
software market has grown at
approximately 8% in recent
years.
-
For
an overview of the
Australian market, please
see Australia
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the
Australian ICT market,
please click here.
France
 France
is the world’s sixth largest
economy and the ninth largest
trading partner for the United
States. U.S.
exports of goods to France in
2005 totaled $22.4 billion, up
more than 5 percent from 2004.
[18]
Along
with Germany and the United
Kingdom, France is a common
destination for software
exports from Washtenaw County.
As France continues to update
its technology infrastructure,
demand for computer hardware
will also increase. The
computer hardware market in
France has grown by 8 percent
in 2005 and is expected to
grow by 10 percent in 2006.
Laboratory
Equipment and Medical
Equipment are also large
markets in France. The
forecast for medical equipment
remains positive and is
expected to grow about 4
percent annually for the next
several years.
France is also
considered a promising country
for biotech capital
investment. [19]
-
For
an overview of the French
market, please see France
WebGuide.
-
For
an overview of the French
ICT market, please click here.
Future
and Current Trends in Local
Exports - The Survey
As part
of the annual International
Economic Impact Study, the
Ypsilanti U.S. Export
Assistance Center surveys a
number of firms within
Washtenaw County that are
known exporters. The sampled
firms were asked to respond to
a 16-question survey
pertaining to the impact of
international business on
their firm. The firms surveyed
were those involved in the top
five industries of Washtenaw
County: computer software,
computer hardware, medical
equipment, machine tools, and
laboratory equipment.
The
questions were as follows:
1.
As a percentage, how much of
your business comes from
international sales?
The
average for Washtenaw County
was 28.8%.
Answers ranged from a
low of 5% to a high of 70%.
2.
Are you primarily an exporter
of Goods, Services, or Both?
67% of
firms answered goods, with the
remaining 33% exporting both
goods and services.
None to the surveyed
firms were solely service
based.
3.
Has your company entered any
new markets in the past year?
If yes, which?
45% of
the surveyed firms had entered
a new market in the past year.
Some of the destination
countries were: Belgium,
Brazil, China, Italy, Spain,
Sweden, and Vietnam.
4. Has your company added channels of distribution in existing
markets during the past year?
If yes, which
country/channel?
About 42%
of the surveyed firms had
added a channel of
distribution in the past year.
Some of the countries
included: Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, Mexico, United
Kingdom, and Vietnam.
5.
Is your company
planning on entering any
additional markets
internationally in 2006? If
yes, which?
About 33%
of the firms answered yes,
naming destinations such as
India, Germany, and Europe.
6.
Please estimate the
number of employees in your
firm with duties directly
related to exporting or
international trade.
Answers
ranged from 1 to 500
employees, with a median of 5
employees with duties directly
related to exporting or
international trade.
7.
On a scale of 1 – 10
(1 low, 10 high) please rate
your optimism about future
growth of international sales
for your firm.
The
average response was 7.6.
8.
On a scale of 1 – 10 (1 low,
10 high), please evaluate the
effect (or ongoing effects) of
the following on your
business, both domestically
and abroad (in 2006):
The
War in Iraq
The
average response was 3.1.
The
War in Afghanistan
The
average response was 2.9.
Political
unrest in the Middle East
The
average response was 3.8.
9.
Has the news of potential
threats to American interests
abroad influenced or inhibited
international business travel
by your firm (trade show
attendance, meetings, etc.)?
If yes, how so?
Of the
surveyed firms, 25% indicated
that travel had been
disrupted, primarily to
high-risk areas.
10.
Have any foreign
clients/trading partners
experienced difficulty in
obtaining visas for visits to
the U.S.?
If yes, how so?
About 17%
of the firms had experienced
some difficulty with obtaining
visas, with the problems
focused on Chinese business
associates.
11.
Please estimate the total
number of days that foreign
guests have spent locally,
while conducting business with
your firm. If there was more
than one visitor on any given
day, please take that into
consideration.
(Example: 4 visitors
for 2 days = 4 x 2 = 8 days)
The
average answer was 62 days. Although it is typical for local firms to pay for
accommodation of International
business travelers, business
trips to Washtenaw County
still provide a boost to the
local economy with the
“trickle down” of money
not originated locally being
spent on lodging,
entertainment,
food/hospitality, etc.
12.
On a scale of 1 – 10 (1 low,
10 high), how much of an
impact has NAFTA had on your
sales internationally?
Was the impact positive
or negative?
The
average answer was 3.2 with
firms reporting either a
positive or insignificant
impact.
13.
Do you support additional Free
Trade Agreements such as FTAA
(Free Trade Area of the
Americas) or CAFTA (Central
American Free Trade
Agreement)?
A
majority of firms (81%)
answered in support of the
above agreements due to their
potential to open up new
markets in Latin America.
14.
Does your firm have an
e-commerce enabled website?
About 25%
of the surveyed firms
had an e-commerce enabled
website, with an average
amongst those firms of 10 –
25% of sales coming from the
Internet.
15. Will you be attending a foreign trade show this
year? If so, which show and
country.
About 42%
of the firms surveyed
responded that they would
attend a foreign trade show
this year. Responses indicated
attending shows in Germany,
Italy, Canada, and Japan.
16.
On a scale of 1 – 10
(1 low, 10 high), please rate
the impact the following items
would have on your ability to
significantly increase export
sales:
Better
assistance from federal
sources in the U.S.
The
average answer was 5.6.
Better
assistance from local/state
sources in the U.S.
The
average answer was 5.4.
Better
assistance from U.S. trade
and/or business associations.
The
average answer was 5.4.
Assistance
with locating/qualifying
potential foreign customers.
The
average answer was 6.9.
Increased
international traffic for your
website (if applicable).
The
average answer was 7.7.
Education
as an Export:
Although
focusing on traditional
exports, such as machine
tools, when assessing
Washtenaw County’s
international economic impact
is customary, educational
institutions also contribute
to the county’s global
influence and local economy.
The U.S. Department of
Commerce, International Trade
Administration ranks
international education as the
United States fifth largest
service sector export bringing
in over $13 billion to the
U.S. economy. Michigan ranks
number eight in international
students hosting 20,879
students for the 2004/05
school year, adding an
estimated $427 million to
Michigan’s economy. The
leading country of origin for
international students in
Michigan was India, followed
by Canada, China, Republic of
Korea, and Japan. [20]
The
University of Michigan,
Eastern Michigan University,
Washtenaw Community College,
Ave Maria School of Law, and
Concordia University are all
institutions of higher
learning within Washtenaw
County.
The international
students studying at these
schools impact the local
economy by spending money that
typically did not originate
locally within Washtenaw
County.
Therefore, firms
involved in retail trade, real
estate, accommodation and food
services, entertainment, and
recreation all profit from
this unique form of exporting.
The large
number of international
students also has a positive
effect on Washtenaw County
employment. The U.S.
Department of Commerce
estimates that every $35,000
worth of exports creates one
job. Since the University of
Michigan is the county’s
largest employer with over
25,000 employees, it is likely
that a number of jobs in the
educational field are
supported directly by
international students.
Significance
of International Students:
Educational Export Economic
Impact
The
economic impact of an
international student in
Washtenaw County is important
because it attracts
international dollars that
local retailers typically
cannot access.
Most of the money spent
by international students in
the county comes from sources
outside of United States and
Washtenaw County.
International students
enrolled in educational
institutions within Washtenaw
County provide opportunities
for increased business through
existing sales channels.
According
to the 2005 Open Doors Report,
produced by the Institute of
International Education,
financial support from
Government for international
students must be taken into
account, an important notation
that if disregarded could
seriously inflate the net
contribution to the U.S.
economy. International
students in Michigan received
financial support from the
Federal and State Governments
for almost 1/3 of their
tuition and living expenses.
Open Doors also takes into
account the living expenses
for dependents of
international students. 11% of
international students were
married with 85% of their
spouses living in the U.S.
during the 2004/05 school
year. [21]
Ave
Maria School of Law
Ave Maria
had 12 international students,
all graduate students.
Ten came from Canada,
and the other two were
unspecified.
Each had an estimated
impact of
$33,330 adding $400,000
to the local economy.
Concordia
University
Cleary
had 9 international students
for the previous academic
year. They hailed from nations
such as Canada, Turkey,
France, Taiwan, and India. The
estimated total economic
impact of each student is
$100,000. Thus, the
international students at
Concordia added $900,000 to
the local economy.
Washtenaw
Community College
Washtenaw
Community College has long
served as a building block for
international students wishing
to study at the U of M, and
has earned a reputation abroad
accordingly.
Washtenaw Community
College had 486 international
students from countries such
as Korea, Japan, China, India,
Mexico, Turkey, Canada, and
Indonesia.
The average economic
impact of each student is
estimated to be $12,800.
Thus, international
students at WCC added
$6,220,800 to the economy of
Washtenaw County.
Eastern
Michigan University
According
to the January, 2006 figures,
EMU had 914 international
undergraduate students and 631
international graduate
students, representing various
different countries.
The top 10 countries
represented were: India (262),
China (88), Canada (60), South
Korea (54), Taiwan (51), Japan
(46), Thailand (27), Saudi
Arabia (26), Germany (22), and
Turkey (20). The average
economic impact for an
international undergraduate
student was $8,860 and for an
international graduate student
the figure was $19,770.
Thus, international
students at EMU added
$20,575,000 to the local
economy.
University
of Michigan
During
the previous school year, the
University of Michigan had
1,345 undergraduate
international students and
2,871 international graduate
students.
The estimated total
economic impact of an
undergraduate is $39,240, and
$44,280 for a graduate
student. The total economic
impact of international
students at the U of M is
$179,905,680.
That means
international students at the
U of M added nearly $180
million to the economy of
Washtenaw County.
Total
for all Universities
The total
impact of international
students on the economy of
Washtenaw County is quite
substantial at over $208
million.
If we assume that the
U.S. Department of Commerce
estimates that every $35,000
worth of exports creates one
job are correct, international
students create nearly 6,000
jobs for Washtenaw County.
Future
Trends in International
Student Enrollment and
Educational Exporting
For more
than 50 years, U.S.
educational institutions have
been required to maintain data
about their foreign students
and exchange visitors.
Government records of the data
was previously inefficient and
paper driven. Due to
heightened security in the
U.S., however, Congress
mandated that by August 1,
2003, all foreign students and
exchange visitors be entered
into a central and automated
system called the Student and
Exchange Visitor Information
System (SEVIS).
The
Student and Exchange Visitor
Information System (SEVIS) has
been created by the Department
of Homeland Security (DHS) to
maintain information on
nonimmigrant students and
exchange visitors and their
dependents, and also on their
associated schools and
sponsors. SEVIS enables
schools and sponsors to
transmit information, via the
Internet, to the appropriate
government agencies throughout
a student or exchange
visitor's stay in the United
States.
SEVIS
receives electronic updates to
SEVIS records and maintains
up-to-date information about
events involving nonimmigrant
students and exchange
visitors. The information
collected includes the
nonimmigrant's name, country
of birth, date of birth,
country of citizenship,
educational background,
information on the
education/program activity for
which the individual is
seeking admittance, and
passport and visa information.
SEVIS
also maintains information on
each of the certified schools
and designated sponsors and
the SEVIS officials
administering their programs.
Certified schools must provide
specific information regarding
the school, the nature and
requirements of the
educational program, location
and contact information, and
costs to attend. Designated
sponsors must provide similar
information regarding their
exchange visitor programs.
[22]
Conclusion
As the
world becomes a global
marketplace, countries such as
China and members of the
former Eastern Bloc, once
closed to the West, are
increasingly becoming valuable
trade partners. Though free
trade agreements and the WTO
are often demonized in the
media, our survey results
indicate that firms within the
county generally are
supportive of these
agreements, and reap the
benefits of lower trade
barriers through increased
sales via exports.
Though
the largest exporting markets
for the county tend to reflect
the computer sector, and the
growing global demand for
high-tech solutions, exports
of education via local
institutions also plays a role
in the economy of the county.
With the growth of
communications systems such as
the Internet, reaching greater
numbers of individuals
globally is becoming a reality
for U.S. companies.
Reduced barriers to
trade along with growing
popularity of U.S. products
abroad should help to ensure a
healthy export market for
years to come.
Footnotes:
* This
study has benefited from
previous County International
Economic Impact Studies
- [1] http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/tables/CO-EST2005-01-26.xls
Population Division, U.S.
Census Bureau
- [2] http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2005-04-26.xls
Population Division, U.S.
Census Bureau
- [3] http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/files/CO-EST2005-ALLDATA.csv
Population Division, U.S.
Census Bureau
- [4] ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/la/laucnty05.txt
U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics
- [5] http://www.bls.gov/web/laummtrk.htm
U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics
- [6] Trade Promotion
Authority, International
Trade Administration, U.S.
Dept. of
- Commerce. (http://www.tpa.gov/statetpa/MItpa.pdf)
- [7] U.S. Department of
Commerce
- [8] Ibid.
- [9] http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_6432153.pdf
2006 Canada County
Commercial Guide
- [10] http://strategis.ic.gc.ca
Strategis Trade
Data Online
- [11] http://tse.export.gov/
TradeStats Express
- [12] http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_5300470.pdf
2005 Mexico Country
Commercial Guide
- [13] http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_5818157.pdf
2006 Japan Country
Commercial Guide
- [14]
http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_7251536.pdf
2005 Germany Country
Commercial Guide
- [15] http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_8210372.pdf
2006 United Kingdom
Country Commercial Guide
- [16] http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_3265405.pdf
2006 China Country
Commercial Guide
- [17] http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_9495090.pdf
2006 Australia
Country Commercial Guide
- [18] http://tse.export.gov/
TradeStats Express
- [19]
http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_9246980.pdf
2006 France Country
Commercial Guide
- [20] http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/
Open Doors 2005
- [21] Ibid.
- [22] http://www.ice.gov/
U.S. Immigration and
Customs Enforcement
Date
Updated: March 20, 2007
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